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Claus Hedegaard

Note on the minerals from Ivigtut, Arsukfjord, Greenland, Denmark

Ivigtut is known as source of unusual fluoroaluminates (Cryolite, Thomsenolite, etc.) but also carries an interesting suite of rare and unusual sulfides. This is a simplified guide to some of the minerals, collectors are likely to acquire from Ivigtut and a brief explanation why you will never see some of them.
This note was originally prepared to the benefit of members of the 'Bay Area Mineralogists' in California ['Bay Area' = San Francisco Bay area]. It is a compilation of personal experiences and literature data, accompanied by a bibliography. Hopefully this gives you a background to study your specimens and seek new information, but it will not make you an expert! You may easily be left with unidentifiable specimens [personally, I've got hundreds!], and if you feel no doubt whatsoever, you should probably go and look again. The goal of learning is not to arrive at a point but to have a better basis to learn more.

Cryolite

Typically white with two distinct 'cleavages' (that are parting planes), often forming large masses and aggregates with imbedded Siderite, Galena, Pyrite, Quartz, Chalcopyrite, etc.

Grey, black, and brown material is not uncommon, and the appearance may be granular or massive rather than sparry. Black colour is due to lattice defects, caused by radiation. Consequently, black Cryolite mostly occurs in association with surrounding granite. Purple Cryolite is an artifact due to shock from blasting. Cryolite situated near the blast in drill holes turned chalky white with a distinct purple shade.
The story about Cryolite immersed in water becoming transparent because of its refractive index is hardly true. Cryolite is mostly milky and does not become transparent. If immersed in water it will, however, seem to 'absorb' water and become far more translucent. This distinguishes Cryolite from associate minerals like Fluorite, Quartz as well as the fairly rare Cryolithionite.

Everybody wants Cryolite crystals, but they are very hard to come by and most people get fooled by either Thomsenolite/Pachnolite or by Ralstonite. Most specimens of white Cryolite crystals originate from finds in the early 20th Century and have monoclinic pseudo-cubic crystals in parallel growth on massive Cryolite. These were hydrothermally deposited later than the main mass of Cryolite and at lower temperatures. Specimens are occasionally available from old collections. Another much rarer though to most people less appealing kind of Cryolite crystals were found chiefly during the 1980s and 1990s: black, modified dodecahedra, imbedded in fine-grained Muscovite. These are almost invariably damaged due to the adherence of the Muscovite. Unusual specimens of purple Cryolite show up occasionally - they are mostly small (1-8 cm), a bit chalky, white but with a distinct purple shade. They are mining artifacts, formed by the shock from blasts - the colour is due to lattice defects caused by the blast. Note that Cryolite is fairly water soluble (app. 1 part to 400 parts of water at room temperature) and is thus highly unsuited as garden rock - quite toxic too.

Cryolithionite

Considered fairly rare, but far more abundant than appreciated. Occurs as 1-10 cm crystals (rhombododecahedra) imbedded in Cryolite. Most specimens in collections are composed of black Cryolite enclosing part of one white Cryolithionite crystal: Cryolithionite does not turn black when irradiated, thus giving a distinct contrast to the black Cryolite. Cryolithionite crystals always occur isolated and are quite brittle, hence specimens with visible faces are extremely rare, but cleaved crystals with a sugary to granular texture, imbedded in Cryolite may form quite interesting specimens. Cryolithionite has an indistinct cleavage, parallel to the dodecahedral faces.

Cryolithionite also occurs in white Cryolite, but is very difficult to distinguish, except when the specimen is soaked in water. Then the Cryolite 'absorbs' water and seems more translucent, but the Cryolithionite remains opaque.

Chiolite

With a bit of training, this is probably the easiest mineral to recognise. It is always massive, forming masses with distinct pearly cleavage on one to several cm faces. The Chiolite may be surrounded by dull reaction rims of intergrown Cryolite and Topaz, formed by partial decomposition of Chiolite. Chiolite was fairly abundant, but often overlooked or ignored by collectors due to the inconspicuous appearance and being massive. Comparatively little (compared to Thomsenolite, Pachnolite, and Ralstonite) seems to have been preserved.

Thomsenolite & Pachnolite

These tend to get collectors very confused: same formula and crystal system (albeit different space groups) and highly variable morphologies. With a bit of training, they are, however, mostly easy to separate if crystallised [massive Thomsenolite is known but quite rare].

Both mostly form elongate prismatic crystals - blocky crystals do occur, though mostly so of Thomsenolite. Thomsenolite has a distinct basal cleavage (i.e., prisms break very easily, leaving a good cleavage plane), Pachnolite does not. When you look at a crystal from the tip, parallel to the length axis, Thomsenolite has a square or rectangular cross section [the deviation from right angles is not noticeable], whereas Pachnolite has a distinctly rhombohedral cross section. These are the distinguishing features: presence/absence of basal cleavage, and right-angled or rhombohedral cross-section of the crystals. Thomsenolite and Pachnolite often occur together, and then usually Pachnolite on top of Thomsenolite. Furthermore, Thomsenolite is far more common than Pachnolite, Thomsenolite usually forms much larger crystals than Pachnolite, and Thomsenolite crystals often grow parallel, whereas Pachnolite crystals usually grow at random angles to each other.
Dense aggregates of very small crystals of Thomsenolite (with/without Pachnolite) often formed as an alteration of Cryolite. Vesicular pieces with strong parallel plates/ridges, often accompanied by Goethite are typical of this alteration; the ridges run parallel to the original parting faces of the Cryolite, and the limonite is formed by the replaced Siderite.

Ralstonite

Ralstonite is cubic, and mostly comes as either rhombododecahedral, octahedral or cuboctahedral crystals. Crystals are usually small (a couple of mm), hardly ever exceeding 10 mm. They mostly occur individually or as small aggregates in druses of Thomsenolite and/or Pachnolite, but are also found covering druses in massive Prosopite, and sometimes rock composed of Topaz, Fluorite, mica, and Siderite. It is rarer than Thomsenolite and Pachnolite, but often present and overlooked in such specimens.

Jarlite & Metajarlite

Ivigtut is type locality for both of these, and Metajarlite is generally considered a synonym of Jarlite, but the do have different properties (Metajarlite is harder). Jarlite is mostly found as mm-sized crystals, often forming sheaves or even lining the interior of druses in a very peculiar matrix, composed of radiating aggregates of white Barite, with minor brick red 'iron staining' and occasional small druses filled with white powdery Gearksutite. According to some sources, the matrix itself may carry intergrown Jarlite as well. The Gearksutite in this matrix is the only known source of Acuminite, the 'mineral X' of older literature, found as minute crystals imbedded in the Gearksutite.

'Metajarlite' occurs as grey porcellanous or fine grained aggregates. It is about as dull as anything gets. The original material was an associate of Chiolite, but I have also seen it studded with small Pyrite crystals and pale brown Siderite.

Fluorite

Fluorite occurs all over the place in almost any colour. Shades of purple and grey are by far the most frequent, but green, red, colourless, black, etc. occur as well. It is frequently found with Topaz, Muscovite and minerals from the rim of the deposit - Fluorite grains are quite abundant in the surrounding granite.

The bad news is, that Fluorite crystals are rare - really rare! Personally I consider Fluorite crystals from Ivigtut much rare than Cryolite crystals, albeit far from as desirable. Crystals tend to be small (to a few mm), and are often etched when formed in cavities, filling with Cryolite, subsequently leached by rain. My most 'spectacular' [I'm really reaching!] specimen has 3-4 mm dark purple dodecahedra imbedded in pale brown Siderite.
Note visual similarity of Fluorite, Weberite, Topaz and occasionally Cryolite - see below for help with identification.

Weberite

Invariably massive grey, anywhere from compact porcellanous to slightly granular. Very often associated by massive grey Fluorite and/or Topaz - see below for help with identification. Specimens mostly very inconspicuous and not particularly common either. Crystals do exist but are very rare; if & when, they mostly occur as microscopic crystals in micro-druses in massive Weberite, but occasionally also in larger cavities from Cryolite leached from Topaz, Muscovite, Fluorite & (Cryolite) matrix.

Prosopite

Everybody talks about this is sky blue and 'everybody' has crystals. Forget it! Prosopite mostly occurs in compact masses, ranging from porcellanous to distinctly granular or sugary, frequently associated by Thomsenolite and Ralstonite (often minute, attractive octahedra in druses) but far more rarely Pachnolite. Yes, Prosopite crystals do occur, even in druses in massive Prosopite - I have seen several specimens - but don't count on it. Virtually all crystals on Prosopite specimens is something else, chiefly Ralstonite, often Thomsenolite, rarely something else.

Gearksutite & Kaolinite

Both of these are white and powdery, mostly found filling vesicles in other minerals. Gearksutite may actually have a silky luster, but Kaolinite is more earthy. Strictly speaking, you can not tell them apart visually, but my house-rule-of-thumb has always been: if it occurs with fluorides like Thomsenolite, Jarlite [almost ubiquitous in Jarlite/Barite aggregates] or Pachnolite, it is Gearksutite; if it occurs with Siderite, Topaz, Muscovite, Quartz etc. [non-fluoride] it is Kaolinite; if it occurs with Fluorite, throw away the specimen.

Bøggildite, Stenonite, Jørgensenite, Bøgvadite, Acuminite, Elpasolite

These are the rare ones, you most likely will never see. Bøggildite is usually described as 'salmon coloured,' but only few specimens were ever found - most specimens are plain white [and still quite rare!]. Stenonite mostly forms aggregates of parallel, lustrous cleavages, associated by small crystals of shiny, very bright Pyrite and pale brown Siderite, and Jørgensenite is found as inconspicuous inclusions in Stenonite.

Bøgvadite forms rare micro-crystals in single specimen of an otherwise unknown Celestite matrix.
There is probably a good chance of finding Acuminite as micro-crystals imbedded in Gearksutite in Jarlite/Barite, but this is hardly ever checked.
Elpasolite is only known from one specimen from a drill-core.

Siderite

Ubiquitous associate mineral. Mostly as quite attractive dark brown cleavage rhombohedra imbedded in massive Cryolite or Quartz. Crystals/cleavage planes to 20 cm, but mostly smaller. Colour can be any shade of brown, golden, or even greenish. Apparently freely developed crystals are usually washed out of Cryolite, and may be perched on Quartz or even form druses in massive Siderite.

Topaz

By far the most frequent silicate, often associated by one or more of Fluorite, Siderite, Muscovite ('Ivigtite'), Cryolite, Chiolite, ... It is invariably massive, porcellanous, and often cream or greyish or coloured greenish by included Muscovite or purplish by Fluorite. Forms nice contrast specimens, but is rather dull by itself, but do note the reaction rims of altering Chiolite, that are composed of Topaz and Cryolite.

'... invariably massive ...' - well, allow me a bit of artistic liberty. I have seen a few specimens of Topaz crystals [mm-sized white acicular tufts on Siderite; or elongate needles in druses of Fluorite] and know of a few more, but they are rare and difficult to identify visually.
Note visual similarity of Fluorite, Weberite, Topaz and occasionally Cryolite - see below for help with identification.

Muscovite and Zinnwaldite

Muscovite is very abundant as a fine-grained greenish mass, originally given the name 'Ivigtite' - this is synonymous with 'Sericite', a superfluous variety name for fine- grained Muscovite. Look for it in material from outside the ore-body in specimens often carrying Topaz, Fluorite, black Cryolite, Siderite, ... It is by no means rare, but is often ignored because it forms dull specimens, and rarely associates anything 'interesting.'

Zinnwaldite is quite rare in Ivigtut, but occurs as distinct blades of mica, densely intergrown in swirling bands in Siderite, Fluorite and Quartz with a few sulfides, but rarely fluoroaluminates. I have seen very few specimens, and suspect the material must have been fairly rare in the mine.

Gustavite, Vikingite, Eskimoite

If you ever get one of these, call me! These wonderful sulfides were found intergrown in one specimen from outside the ore body. It is a magnificent specimen residing in Geologisk Museum in København - as far as I recall, it is a metallic grey vein nearly 10 cm wide, penetrating an app. 30x40 cm boulder. Judging from the specimen, there should have been lots of it, but seemingly only that boulder was ever collected.

Wulfenite

Dedicated Wulfenite collectors are always eager to get a specimen from Ivigtut, but the poor people are terribly disappointed, when they finally get one. The crystals are fairly scarce, usually considerably less than 1 mm, perched individually in a dull matrix. The colour is mostly greenish, pale brown to dark brown, and the crystals are very lustrous - that is usually how you notice them in the first place: as a bright reflection. The habit is elongate bipyramidal, often modified at the ends.

Wulfenite can be found as individual crystals in druses of Thomsenolite with/without Pachnolite or Ralstonite on top of the other minerals. This type of matrix produces the most spectacular specimens - the matrix is quite attractive and there is a good contrast between the pale matrix and the relatively darker Wulfenite, and it is also where the largest Wulfenite crystals occur. Some specimens have been found with greyish blue Wulfenite crystals, covered by a very thin skin of Thomsenolite. Compared to the abundance of the Thomsenolite, etc. matrix, Wulfenite is rare - you will only find Wulfenite in one of every few hundred pieces.
'Hagemannite' is often a very fertile ground for Wulfenite. 'Hagemannite' is a mixture of limonite with Thomsenolite, etc. It occurs as brown lumps, that are anything from a bit porous to vesicular. At its best, it forms sets of blades or ridges, interlocking at right angles [this is a remnant of the parting planes in Cryolite, altered to 'Hagemannite'], but look for anything more or less massive, dull, brown - then you have a good 'Hagemannite'. Nobody ever pays attention to this material because it is so dull and uninteresting, but I have found it to be a rich source of the otherwise very rare Wulfenite. Study your 'Hagemannite' at high magnification and look for sparks from lustrous crystals, usually 0.1-0.2 mm. That's Wulfenite! It is really a big secret, so don't tell anybody: Wulfenite is quite abundant at Ivigtut, it is just a pain to find it.

All those wonderful sulfides ...

There are lots of them, but only very few find their way into collections. Pyrite, Sphalerite, Galena, and Chalcopyrite are quite common associate minerals of most other minerals. Some (e.g., Molybdenite, Arsenopyrite) only occur in or near the host rock and are consequently hardly ever found in collections, even if they are probably not particularly rare. Everything with a fancy name (except the Gustavite, Vikingite, Eskimoite mentioned above) tends to occur only as microscopic inclusions in other sulfides; technically many of them are probably not rare, but you never see them anyway .... except if you get really active with that ore microscope of yours. For example, Pauly & Siemes (1973) describe Matildite as almost ubiquitous (app. 2%) in Galena, but ... BUT! ... that is because the total content of silver and bismuth in the Galena corresponds to a content of app. 2% Matildite, not because Matildite has actually been demonstrated.

Species list

The following species have been identified from Ivigtut (largely adopted from Petersen & Secher, 1984). Underlined species are in Claus' collection. Ivigtut is type-locality for species followed by an asterisk.

Elements

Bismuth
Gold
Silver

Sulfides, etc.

Achantite
Aikinite
Arcubisite *
Arsenopyrite
Berryite
Bismuthinite
Boulangerite
Bournonite
Canfieldite
Chalcocite
Chalcopyrite
Cosalite
Covellite
Cubanite
Emplectite
Enargite
Eskimoite *
Freibergite
Galena
Gustavite *
Hessite
Hexastannite
Kesterite
Mackinawite
Marcasite
Matildite
Molybdenite
Ourayite (?)
Pyrargyrite
Pyrite
Pyrrhotite
Sphalerite
Stannite
Teallite
Valleriite
Vikingite *
Volynskite
Wittichenite

Halogenides & fluoroaluminates

Acuminite *
Bøggildite *
Bøgvadite *
Chiolite
Cryolite *
Cryolithionite *
Elpasolite
Fluorite
Gearksutite *
Jarlite *
Jørgensenite *
Pachnolite *
Prosopite
Ralstonite *
Stenonite *
Thomsenolite *
Weberite *

Oxides

Böhmite
Cassiterite
Columbite
Diaspor
Goethite
Hematite
Ilmenite
Lepidocrocite
Magnetite
Quartz
Rutile
Uraninite
Wolframite

Carbonates

Calcite (?)
Cerussite
Malachite
Siderite

Sulfates, molybdates

Barite
Celestite
Wulfenite

Phosphates

Apatite

Silicates

Albite
Biotite
Chlorite
Coffinite
Diopside-Hedenbergite
Hornblende
Kaolinite
Microcline
Muscovite
Orthoclase
Thorite
Thorogummite
Topaz
Zinnwaldite
Zircon

Discredited

Arksutite * = impure Chiolite
Hagemannite * = limonite mixed with Thomsenolite, etc.
Ivigtite * = fine-grained Muscovite ('Sericite')
Meta-jarlite * = compact or impure Jarlite

Myths

Ivigtut is a spectacular source of rare minerals, and optimistic identifications and myths abound. Cryolite crystals are for all practical purposes rarely available - they were collected long time ago and everybody wants them. By far most of the 'Cryolite crystals' I see are Thomsenolite, Pachnolite, Ralstonite or something of their ilk, subject to optimistic interpretation. Incidentally, Thomsenolite does occur as parallel grown very large pseudo-cubic crystals and/or crystals with strong basal cleavage that make good Cryolite impersonations!
Particularly European dealers in the 1980s offered Prosopite crystals, more often than not accompanied by assurances they had been 'x-rayed' and were thus correctly identified. Bogus! Most - most, but not all! - of these are microscopic crystals of Ralstonite, coating the interior of druses in massive blue Prosopite. Obviously, if you remove the interior of a druse with a dental drill, and look for Prosopite on your x-ray, you are going to find ... Prosopite! This comes from the matrix, not the crystals. Prosopite crystals are quite rare, invariably 'flattened six-sided' (say, like a double arrow head), whereas Ralstonite is cubic (and in this association, usually octahedral).
Villiaumite ... when I see this, I usually just walk away from the perpetrator. Villiaumite is sodium fluoride, comes from Greenland, and thus must be from Ivigtut 'where all the fluorides come from.' I doubt anybody would accept a claim of Benitoite [from Gem Mine, San Benito Co., California] coming the Stewart Mine near Pala, San Diego Co. [lithium pegmatite with Tourmaline] merely because both produce interesting silicates ? In Greenland, Villiaumite occurs exclusively at Kvanefjeld in the Ilimaussaq alkaline intrusion near Narssaq ... a bit further than Pala is from San Benito Co.

Tricks of the trade

You are stuck with a boulder of something from Ivigtut, and should like to know what it is. I can not guide you through everything, but a couple of tricks may bring you quite far. You will need a chunk of Calcite, a bucket of water, a nail, a microscope (or strong hand lens), and a paper towel.
First check whether the specimen is massive or has vesicles or free-standing crystals.
If it is massive, check for distinct pearly cleavages indicating Chiolite and look for cleavages in small grains of Fluorite. Then drop it in the water and leave it for about a minute. Weberite and Cryolite appear to 'absorb' water, and retain a 'wet' look even when you wipe the water off the specimen with a paper towel. Fluorite and Topaz do not look 'wet' after the treatment. Cryolite usually has fairly distinct parting (that looks like cleavage), visible to the naked eye. Cryolite is scratched by Calcite, the others are not, Cryolite, Fluorite, Metajarlite, and Weberite are scratched by a knife. If you find Cryolite, look carefully for imbedded rhombododecahedra that do not absorb water - they are Cryolithionite [you have to catch this by its association with Cryolite]. Summing up most of the massive grey things:

Species Scratched by Calcite Scratched by knife Looks 'wet' Cleavage
Chiolite Yes Yes No Yes
Cryolite Yes Yes Yes (Yes)
Cryolithionite No Yes No Yes
Fluorite No Yes No Yes
Metajarlite No Yes No (granular)
Topaz No No No (granular)
Weberite No Yes Yes (granular)

If the specimen has lots of small, sparkling crystals, you probably have one or more of Thomsenolite, Pachnolite and Ralstonite. First look for relatively small octahedra or rhombododecahedra - they are Ralstonite. Thomsenolite and Pachnolite are usually elongate prismatic or blocky. Look down the length axis of the crystal. If it seems to have a rectangular cross-section it is Thomsenolite, if it has a rhombohedral [yes, I know a rectangle is also a rhombohedron - stop quibbling!] cross-section it is Pachnolite. Furthermore, Thomsenolite has a distinct basal cleavage, Pachnolite does not. Pachnolite is usually less abundant than Thomsenolite and has smaller crystals in a combined specimen [and yes, they are very often combined!], and Thomsenolite often grows parallel, whereas Pachnolite is more individual and scattered. Summing up the more abundant crystals in vesicles:

Species Shape Cleavage Cross section Mode
Pachnolite Prismatic No Rhombic Individual, sparse
Ralstonite Cubic No - Individual, sparse
Thomsenolite Prismatic Yes Rectangular Parallel, abundant

Bibliography

This bibliography is not properly researched, merely a list of what I have and what showed up while writing this. Go to the library and search more, remember the classic systematic mineralogies [e.g., Hintze, Klockmann, Rössler] that are often unsurpassed as long as you work with identification of specimens by simple means.

Abildgaard, P.C. 1801. Om norske Titanertser og om en nye Steenart fra Grønland, som bestaar af Flusspatsyre og Alunjord. Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, Bind 3, 1.1, 306-316
d'Andrada, J.B. 1800. Nachrichten von einigen neuen Fossilien aus Schweden und Norwegen; 11) Chryolit. Allgemeines Journal der Chemie, herausgegeben von Alexander Nicolas Scherer, 4, 37-38
Ayrton, Stephen Neville. 1963. A Contribution to the Geological Investigations in the Region of Ivigtut, SW Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 167(3) (Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse)
Bertelsen, A. & N. Henriksen. 1975. Geological Map of Greenland 1:100000, Ivigtut 61 V.1 Syd. Meddelelser om Grønland, 186(1)
Bondesen, Erling & Niels Henriksen. 1965. On some Pre-cambrian Metadolerites from the Central Ivigtut Region, SW Grønland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 179(2)
Bøggild, O.B. 1911. Iagttagelser over Kryolitgruppens Mineraler. Meddelelser om Grønland, 50(3)
Bøggild, O.B. 1912. De stalaktitiske Mineraler fra Ivigtut. Meddelelser om Grønland, 50(5), 177-185
Bøggild, O.B. 1912. Krystallform und Zwillingsbildungen des Kryoliths, des Perovskits und des Boracits Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, 50, 349-429
Bøggild, O.B. 1913. Beobachtungen über die Mineralien der Kryolithgruppe, Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, 51(6), 591- 613
Bøggild, O.B. 1913. Die stalaktitischen Mineralien von Ivigtut. Mineralogical and Geological Museum of The University, Copenhagen, Contributions to Mineralogy 13, Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, 51(6), 613-623, pl. XV
Bøggild, O.B. 1913. Beobachtungen über die Mineralien der Kryolithgruppe, Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, 51(6), 591- 613
Bøggild, O.B. 1953. The Mineralogy of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 149(3) 442 pp. 88 text figs. 1 map
Bøgvad, Richard. 1933. New Minerals from Ivigtut, Southwest Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 92(8), 11 pp.
Bøgvad, Richard. 1938. Weberite, a new Mineral from Ivigtut. Meddelelser om Grønland, 119(7), 11 pp.
Bøgvad, Richard. 1951. Mineralogical observations on the cryolite deposit at Ivigtut, Greenland. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening (Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark), 12, 109-110
Callisen, Karen. 1943. Igneous Rocks of the Ivigtut Region, Greenland. Part I: The Nepheline Syenites of the Grønne Dal-Ika Area. Meddelelser om Grønland, 131(8)
Clausen, Hans. 1928. On the crystal structure of cryolithionite. Mémoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de Danemark, Copenhague, section des sciences, 9th series, 1(2), 77-99
Crommelin, R.D. A Sedimentary Petrological Investigation of a Number of Sand Samples from the South Coast of Greenland between Ivigtut and Frederiksdal. Meddelelser om Grønland, 114(1), 1937.
Donnay, J.D.H. 1952. Cryolite twinning. American Mineralogist, 37, 230- 234
Emeleus, C.H. 1964. The Grønnedal-Ika Alkaline Complex, South Greenland: The Structure and Geological History of the Complex. Meddelelser om Grønland, 172(3) (Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse) 75 pp. 25 text figs. 3 maps
Gordon, S.G. 1939. Wulfenite, ralstonite and thomsenolite from Ivigtut, Greenland. Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia, Notulae Naturae, 11, 1- 2
Hagemann, G. 1866. On some minerals associated with the Cryolite in Greenland. The American Journal of Science and Art, 2nd series, 42(124), 93-94
Hawthorne, F.C. & R.B. Ferguson. 1975. Refinement of the crystal structure of cryolite. Canadian Mineralogist, 13, 377-382
Henriksen, Niels. 1969. Chemical relations between metabasaltic lavas and metadolerites in the Ivigtut Area, South-West Greenland. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening (Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark), 19(1), 27-50.
Kalsbeek, F. & Bernard E. Leake. 1970. The Chemistry and Origin of Some Basement Amphibolites between Ivigtut and FrederikshŒb, South-West Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 190(4)
Karup-Møller, Sven A. 1973. Gustavite-Cosalite-Galena-Bearing Mineral Suite from the Cryolite Deposit at Ivigtut, South Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 195(5)
Karup-Møller, Sven A. and Hans Pauly. 1979. Galena and associated ore minerals from the cryolite at Ivigtut, South Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland Geoscience, 2.
Krenner, J.A. 1883. Die grönlandischen Minerale der Kryolithgruppe. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschafliche Berichte, Ungarn, 1, 1-24
Leonardsen, E.S., H. Pauly, O.V. Petersen & J.G. Rønsbo. 1980. Retrieval of Wulfenite from the cryolite deposit, Ivigtut, South Greenland. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening (Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark), 29(3), 145-150
Møller, Chr. K. 1956. X-ray investigation of Bøggildite. Meddelelser om Grønland, 137(6), + Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Bulletin no. 14
Oen Ing Soen & Hans Pauly. 1967. A Sulphide Paragenesis with Pyrrhotite and Markasite in the Siderite-Cryolite Ore of Ivigtut, South Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 175(5)
Oen Ing Soen. 1962. Hornblendic Rocks and their Polymetamorphic Derivatives in an Area NW. of Ivigtut, South Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 169(6)
Pauly, Hans. 1956. Bøggildite. A New Phosphate-Fluoride from Ivigtut, South Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 137(6), 24 pp. 4 plates
Pauly, Hans. 1960. Paragenetic relations in the main Cryolite ore of Ivigtut, South Greenland. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen, 94, 121- 139
Pauly, Hans. 1962. Stenonite. A new Carbonate-Fluoride from Ivigtut, South Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 169(9) 24 pp. 3 text figs. 2 plates
Pauly, Hans. 1965. Ralstonite from Ivigtut, South Greenland. American Mineralogist, 50, 1851-1864
Pauly, Hans. 1978. Twins in Cryolite types from Ivigtut, South Grenland. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening (Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark), 27 (special issue), 7-14
Pauly, Hans. 1979. Ivigtut, eine einzigartige Pegmatit-LagerstŠtte in Südgrönland. Lapis, 4(5), 9-17
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Pauly, Hans. 1985. Hardness of cryolite, chiolite, cryolithionite and other fluorides from Ivigtut, South Greenland. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening (Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark), 34(3-4), 145-150
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